John Bedini's Formation of Negative Resistors in Batteries

Tom Bearden

Explanation

April 26, 2000

My opinion - according to Tesla's theory:

Tesla and many other geniuses like Charles Proteus Steinmetz disagree with the existence of electrons and photons, and many other views of quantum mechanics are incorrect.

Tom Bearden is still influenced by the thought of quantum physics, although he does not believe in relativity, and even for Tom Bearden the Einsteinian theory of relativity is wrong.

The vacuum energy that Tom Bearden mentioned in the following article is just another name for Ether energy. Quantum mechanics still uses Ether with other names such as quantum bubbles, zero-energy field, etc.

Perhaps Tom Bearden used the language of quantum physics to make it easier for people to understand, when the physical model of quantum physics was ingrained in many people's minds.

Fact and theory of Ether energy in generating Radiant Energy: Apparatus for the Utilization of Radiant Energy

Recommended for you - Generate free power from electronics combined with grounding


First we must include the usual warning that the experimenter assumes all legal responsibilities for his experiments, at his own volition. This author assumes no responsibilities or liabilities for such actions.

John has kindly given his permission for me to explain his use of the lead acid battery and how he gets the vacuum to contribute excess energy to the battery and to the circuit. I'll discuss the battery a bit, very informally because I don't have a lot of time to go back and look up all the references, etc. and prepare a formal paper. But we'll cover the gist of it so you can understand how John uses batteries and switches them in his units, and why he does it the way he does. We'll point out the processes that are involved in his methodology, and why he can use a lead acid battery to produce COP1.0 in perfect compliance with the laws of physics, thermodynamics, and the conservation of energy law. One must use a combination of electrodynamics and particle physics to grasp these processes and mechanisms, because classical EM theory does not include the active vacuum interaction, even though it's been clearly proven (theoretically and experimentally) in particle physics for decades.

Vacuum energy already powers every electrical circuit and every electrical load today, and always has done so from the beginning. Contrary to the received view, extraction of usable EM energy from the vacuum is the easiest thing in all the world to do, and it is ubiquitous to all our circuits and power systems. All the coal, oil, and natural gas ever burned in powerplants added not a single watt to the powerline. All that energy input from the fuel combustion was used only to continuously restore the source dipoles in the generators, dipoles that our scientists and engineers unwittingly design the external circuits to keep destroying. The source dipole, once established, was and is a "negative resistor" of enormous power that has powered every electrical circuit and load from the beginning. As we shall see, Bedini discovered how to make a negative resistor right inside the battery itself.

Every electrodynamicist already assumes (and utilizes) the fact that you can freely change the potential energy of any EM system, at will. It's called "regauging". E.g., Jackson's Classical Electrodynamics, second edition (and any other important EM book one chooses), applies arbitrary Lorentz "regauging" to the Maxwell-Heaviside equations, changing them to a new set erroneously said to be identical to the others in every way. They are not. Specifically, that little change (symmetrical regauging after first Lorenz in 1867 and later H.A. Lorentz), simply discards all open Maxwellian systems far from thermodynamic equilibrium with the active vacuum. In short, it arbitrarily discards all overunity EM systems, including those that could permissibly capture and use energy from the active vacuum to power themselves and their loads simultaneously. A priori, such Maxwellian systems are far from thermodynamic equilibrium in the vacuum flux -- much as a windmill is out of equilibrium with the wind's energy exchange with it.

First, to understand John's work one must be aware that there are several currents in a lead acid battery, not just one. For our purposes we will need just two: the heavy lead-type ion current in the battery, and the electron current in the battery but also commuting into the external circuit.

Note particularly that the electrons communicate between the inside of the battery (e.g., the plates) and the external circuit, but the lead ions do not. There is thus an interface and a sharp separation between the electron current and the ion current.

Here's the point everyone is missing. Check the mass-to-charge ratio of each of the two currents. (I have it somewhere, from calculating it years ago, but have no time to search for it again. So someone should look up the numbers again and add them up; it's straightforward.). As I recall, the lead ions' m/q ratio is several hundred thousand times the m/q ratio of the electrons. For our purposes here, all we need to know is that the m/q ratio for the lead ions is very much bigger than the m/q ratio for the electrons.

So there is obviously a hysteresis (time delay) in the response of the massive ion current to far less massive electron currents that interact and try to change the ion current and its momentum. This time-delay in ion response to electron urging can be adroitly manipulated and used to cause the vacuum to add energy to the ions and also to the electrons. In short, the delay can be manipulated to freely "regauge" the system, freely changing its potential energy, and dramatically increasing how much potential energy is available for battery recharging and how much is available for powering the external circuit (loads and losses).

Instead of thinking of the energy John inputs to the battery as the "powering" energy, one must think of it as "triggering" and "timing" energy which initiates certain other key interactions to occur. These additional interactions then add lots of additional energy to the ions and the electrons, all for free or nearly so. In short, John "switches'" and "triggers" certain kinds of vacuum interactions, including the highly specialized formation of a negative resistor in the battery itself. He then "triggers" that negative resistor in certain ways to increase its functioning even further.

John's method does the following:

(1) It forms a true negative resistor in a most unexpected way, inside a common lead acid battery,

(2) it uses that negative resistor to extract excess energy from the vacuum and furnish it both to the ions in charging mode and to the electrons in load powering mode, and

(3) it adds several other stimuli which increase the amplification of the negative resistor and further enhance the effect, increasing the excess energy extracted from the vacuum and collected in the charging process and also in the powering process.

Specifically, the delay in ion response can be manipulated to place the battery in ion recharging mode while the signal pulse electrons are simultaneously placed in external circuit powering mode. By manipulating the hysteresis and adroitly timing the electron pulses and pulse widths, one can break the forced Lorentz symmetry of the excitation discharge in a usually closed current loop containing both the battery's source dipole and the external load. This is possible since John's method deliberately opens the loop so that the vacuum energy enters freely, increasing the potentialization (energy collection) upon the ions and the electrons as well.

Suppose we "hit" a battery's terminals with an instantaneous leading edge rise of a pulse of electrons and potential. Let us assume the "hit" is in the "battery-charging" mode. The electrons drive in instantly, trying to force the heavy ions to start moving in the charging direction. For a moment the lead ions just sit there, and then very slowly (compared to the electrons!) start to reluctantly move in the recharging mode. During that "ion response lag" time, the electrons continue to furiously rush in and pile-up on the plates. The charge density sharply increases on the plates in that pile-up where the charges are "squeezing" together (clustering). So now we have a much higher potential suddenly rising in the squeezed charge cluster, because of the increased charge density arising there.

Refer to E.T. Whittaker, "On the Partial Differential Equations of Mathematical Physics, Mathematische Annalen, Vol. 57, 1903, p. 333-355. Whittaker shows us that a "scalar" potential is not at all what they taught us in EM theory 101. If one hasn't read Whittaker 1903, one will need to do so.

As Whittaker shows, the scalar potential (actually its reaction cross section is what even Whittaker is decomposing) identically is a harmonic set of bidirectional longitudinal EM wavepairs, where each pair is a phase conjugate pair. In short, a "scalar" potential identically is a multivectorial, multiwave entity (but comprised of longitudinally polarized EM waves, and those waves come in bidirectional pairs!). In fact, because in the phase conjugate pair one wave is "time-forward" and the other is "time-reversed", time-reversal and time-forward perturbations occur paired and simultaneously in nature's electrodynamics. This is erroneously omitted, however, in Maxwellian electrodynamics theory.

Anyway, the "scalar" potential isn't even a scalar entity. Since Whittaker 1903, the proof has been in the literature nearly a century and it has just been ignored!

Since the QM vacuum contains and is a virtual particle flux (that's one way to model it) and thus contains energy, it is (or can be modeled as) a special kind of "scalar" potential. Every EM potential is in fact a change to the vacuum energy density. Any EM potential in a circuit is a change to the ambient vacuum potential or to some intermediate potential that is. Rigorously, any increased EM potential in a circuit is a special kind of negative resistor, since extra bidirectional, flowing EM energy from the vacuum has been added to the circuit. However, electrodynamicists have not recognized that regauging produces a true negative resistor. Very large bidirectional energy flows (very large potentials) can be freely added to the circuit at any time. However, to use these negative resistors so that we extract usable energy from them, we have to learn how to more carefully use bidirectional potentials so that we apply them adroitly in two opposing directions simultaneously.

No textbook or professor ever calculates the potential itself, but only its reaction cross section. Consider that for awhile; it's quite rigorous. We have been and are taught to calculate only how much energy is diverged from the potential, around a little unit point static charge (assumed), and that little "swirl-around" energy is then supposed to be "the potential". It isn't. The little swirl-around is the energy diverged from the potential. Calling that "the potential" is analogous to mistaking a tiny little whirlpool in a river as the entire river. Same error.

For more than a century the electricians have erroneously "defined" the scalar potential "at a point" as the amount of energy diverged from it around a little fixed unit point static charge at that point The amount of energy "swirled or diverted from all those bidirectional LWs around a little unit point static charge" fixed at a point, does indeed have a scalar magnitude. For fixed conditions, there's a fixed amount of energy in the "swirl-around" at any moment. But that "magnitude of the energy in the swirl" isn't the potential; it's what's diverted from the potential.

Obviously it's a major non sequitur to mistake "the" potential for a tiny fraction of itself.

As a set of bidirectional LWs, the potential is an ensemble of mighty, rushing rivers of EM energy, with paired rivers flowing in opposite directions. From those rushing rivers of energy comprising any nonzero "static" potential, you can collect as much energy as you wish, just by adding more intercepting/collecting charges. The equation is already known and very simple: W = (phi)q, where W is the total energy collected (diverged) from a potential of reaction cross section phi, upon intercepting charges q. Fix the phi to a constant value, then add as much q as is needed to have W reach any value you wish. One can collect a billion watts of power from a millivolt, e.g., given enough intercepting charges q. The "magnitude" of the potential isn't fixed at any point, because the potential is a set of flows involving the entire vacuum of the universe.

Anyway, back to our battery that we just "popped" with an electron pulse. Now we have a higher potential in that pileup of electrons onto the interface with the ions, urging the ions forward. Well, the potential energy being collected on those ions (i.e., diverged around them from the potential's multiwaves) is given by W = (phi) q, where W is the energy collected from the new and dramatically increased potential with reaction cross section (phi), upon charges q -- in this case, upon the ions. And also upon the piled up electrons on the circuit side of the battery plate, because the waves comprising the potential run in both directions.

Set a potential in the middle of a transmission line, and it takes off like two scalded hogs in both directions simultaneously, thereby revealing its bidirectional vectorial nature. The new, increased potential from the pile-up at the interface between electrons and ions in the battery takes off like two scalded hogs in both directions -- into the battery onto the ions and out into the external circuit onto the electrons.

But that increased potential at the pileup is actually a change to the ambient potential of the vacuum. It is part of the vacuum and a reorganization of it, reaching across the universe in all directions (or speeding out there in all directions at light speed).

Since the internal LW waves comprising the increased potential at the pile-up are bidirectional, we have added energy to both the electrons out there in the circuit and to the ions in there in the battery. Since the electrons react (relax and move) so much faster than the ions, we can now be drawing power in the external circuit and its load, due to the instant response of the overpotentialized electrons, while we are still urging those overpotentialized ions into motion in a recharging direction.

For the purist, electrons really move on the average with only a very small drift velocity in the circuit, often on the order of a few inches per hour. However, that average "drift" is comprised of an enormous distribution of electron velocities, collisions, etc. So what we have actually done is dramatically change that distribution underlying the drift velocity. The "current" in a circuit is not as simple as the physical movement of electrons like marbles through a hollow pipe, even though loosely one usually uses that kind of language.

I sent you the IC-2000 paper, in which we pointed out that there is no such thing as an isolated charge anyway, when you consider the shadowing virtual charges of opposite sign in the vacuum that cluster around it. That is already well-established in QM theory. So an "isolated charge" really is a set of dipoles, where each dipole is comprised of a piece of the observed charge and one of the clustering virtual charges. Each of those dipoles contains a potential between its ends, and thus identically generates a bidirectional LW flow across the universe, altering (and structuring and organizing) the entire vacuum.

In particle physics, it has been known for more than 40 years (couple of Nobel Prizes awarded and all that) that any dipole is a broken symmetry in the fierce virtual energy exchange between the active vacuum and the dipole charges. By definition of broken symmetry, this means that some of that virtual disordered energy continuously absorbed from the vacuum by the dipole's charges, is NOT radiated back as disordered virtual photons. Instead, it is self-ordered by the charges. Open systems not in equilibrium with their active environment -- in this case the active vacuum -- are permitted to do that, and a dipole is such an open system in disequilibrium with the active vacuum. So the re-ordered component of the energy emitted from the charges is radiated back as observable EM field energy flow, which does interact macroscopically and observably with charges.

Rigorously, this "charges pile-up" at the plate interface between electrons and ions has asymmetrically self-regauged the system including both the recharging ions inside the battery and the electron current out in the external circuit now forced into powering mode. The reorganized vacuum has added excess energy to the entire system, the excess being energy which was extracted from the vacuum by that pile-up of charges, each with its associated clustered virtual charges, so that the charge pile-up acts as a cluster of dipoles.

We have specified a situation and process which asymmetrically self-regauges the system, using excess energy from the vacuum. The increased potential at the pile-up is in fact a direct change to the entire vacuum. It is an organization of the entire vacuum. To the system the change in the vacuum is negentropic because the vacuum energy has been organized into a bidirectional set of flows. Such self-organization is permissible in an open system not in equilibrium with its external active environment. All this is based on rigorous, proven physics, but it is not in the hoary old classical electrodynamics, which contains a great many foundations errors and omissions.

The set of bidirectional energy flows involving the entire vacuum and comprising that increased potential at the pile-up, represents a re-organization of the local vacuum to a more ordered state. In short, negentropy. The pile-up of charges and its associated potential (negentropic reorganization of the vacuum) constitute an active negative resistor.

This is the way that John creates a negative resistor directly inside a lead acid storage battery (and in several other kinds of batteries also). The pile-up becomes a true negative resistor, extracting additional biwave flowing energy from the external vacuum. The negative resistor receives energy from the vacuum in that half of the unobserved internal LWs that flow from every point in external space to the pile-up. The negative resistor then sends that organized energy out into the "circuit" in that half of the potential's internal LWs that flow out into the battery and in the opposite direction into the external circuit and on out to every other point in the universe.

One should again check Whittaker 1903 and think about that extra "pile-up" potential as a harmonic set of bidirectional EM longitudinal wavepairs, until one understands this active negative resistance effect clearly.

The absolutely permissible, justified, scientific result is that the energy of the system is freely and dramatically increased (the system is regauged) from the negentropic vacuum. The ions in that increased energy flow into the battery take on more energy than we ourselves "input", with the excess being taken from the reorganized vacuum by the action of the negative resistor formed at the pile-up. The charges in the pile-up took on more energy, taken from the vacuum, and the higher potential also flows at the speed of light back out the terminals along the conductors, potentializing the surface charges and increasing the intercepted energy diverged into the conductors by the surface charges. Since a back-lash emf exists from the higher potential at the back-up and the beginning potential in the external circuit, current flows in the external circuit (1) in circuit-powering mode, and (2) with greater energy collected upon the electrons from the increased Poynting energy flow diverged into the circuit conductors.

John puts in some electrons and potential and makes a negative resistor. The action of the negative resistor then overpotentializes both the battery-charging ions and the circuit-powering electrons. The vacuum furnishes the extra potential energy. So John now has lots more energy in the circuit than he himself put in, both to recharge the battery and power the load.

The net result is that the system eats its cake and has it too, courtesy of having produced a negative resistor and tricked the active vacuum to momentarily give it lots of excess energy (potential energy). It collects some of that excess energy upon both the recharging ions and the circuit electrons back-forced to power the circuit. Note that the formation of the negative resistor actually produced in the external circuit a "back emf" which is of the circuit powering type, even though in the battery the ion current is still moving and accelerating in the charging position -- exactly opposed to the electron current!

So the timing and negative resistor effect simultaneously introduce additional energy extracted from the vacuum to (1) the battery charging process, and (2) the load powering process in the external circuit.

Then we deliberately cut off the pulse sharply, with the ions now moving in the charge direction and with the electrons in the external circuit powering the load. The sharp cutoff rate produces a very interesting effect here also, if we end it just precisely while most of the pile-up (and higher potential) still exists at the plate-ion interface. In that case, Lenz's law applies due to the sharp cutoff and it aids us, since momentarily the negative resistor potential is even further dramatically increased by the Lenz reaction! So even more potential energy momentarily surges out onto the circuit electrons in the "powering the circuit" mode, and even more potential energy simultaneously surges onto the ions in the "charging the battery" mode.

The result of this second effect is that (1) the negative resistor is again increased, (2) even more energy is furnished from the vacuum to the battery-charging process, and (3) even more energy is furnished from the vacuum to the load-powering process.

In short, the system suddenly and remarkably increases the negative resistor effect, self-regauging itself for the second consecutive time, and increasing the excess energy extracted from the vacuum!

This second surge of excess energy comes directly from the vacuum, from the suddenly increased negative resistor, via those suddenly increased bidirectional longitudinal EM wave energy flows between the pile-up and every point in all the surrounding space. That's what a bidirectional set of wavepairs means; observable energy flows from the pile-up (source dipole) to every point in external space, and from every point in external space virtual (complex) energy flows to the source dipole.

That is the second case where we cause the external circuit to be "regauged" and change its potential energy freely, and we cause the internal ions to be "regauged" and change their potential energy freely.

Again we accent that electrodynamicists already assume that any EM system can freely change its energy at any time; it's called "regauging". It is inexplicable why electrodynamicists have not focused upon actually producing self-regauging circuits which asymmetrically discharge their freely increased energy, as John has done, so that the dissipated energy is used to recharge the battery while also powering the load. Instead, the electrodynamicists continue to give us regauging circuits which symmetrically discharge their freely increased energy, so that half the dissipated energy is used to destroy the source dipole of the generator or battery while the other half is dissipated in the external loads and losses.

On the other hand, John uses half the excess regauging energy from the negative resistor to restore the battery (source) dipole, and uses the other half to power the load and losses simultaneously. So he asymmetrically discharges the free excitation energy received from the vacuum via the negative resistor.

But back to John's battery process. Now we have the Lenz effect pulse finally removed and the ions moving in charging mode but slowing down now. Since the Lenz law effect dies rapidly, we have a rapid resumption of "draw" of electrons from the pile-up into the external circuit to power it. But for a bit, the ions only start to slow and have not yet stopped completely. They "overshoot" because of their sluggishness, and keep on charging the battery a moment longer. During this third moment, the external circuit is still being powered even though the battery is still in charging mode.

When all these "excess energy" mechanisms are added, one finds that excess energy can be collected from the vacuum by the negative resistor and used appropriately to produce a system with a permissible overall COP1.0 performance. The dramatic difference in John's method, from the conventional method, is that in John's method the same current through the load does not pass back through the back emf of the source dipole negative resistor to continually destroy it. On the contrary, he inverts the phase of the current through the source dipole negative resistor to continually restore it.

There are several other schemes that can be used at this point. If the follow-on pulsing etc. is matched to again initiate the effects discussed, one can continue to draw power in the circuit while charging the battery, etc. for about a succession of the three periods of time:

(1) the initial hysteresis pileup, formation of the negative resistor, and associated effects,

(2) the following Lenz law reaction, increase of the negative resistor, and associated effects, and

(3) the follow-on period of simultaneous charging the battery and powering the circuit from the pile-up while the overshoot of the ions is still slowing and ending.

One trick John sometimes uses is to time the next pulse front to arrive just at the time that the ions are almost but not quite stopped in their "overshoot" charging mode and are preparing to reverse into discharge mode (following the electrons in the external circuit, which are already in that mode). With the exact timing, the whole situation starts over. There are several other variations that John has also used and found effective.

In developing this methodology, John long ago built various controllers and timers, and experimented with a variety of pulses, pulse widths, and timing to get it all just right for a specific battery of interest. He had one little battery-powered motor -- an inefficient little beast with only about 35-40% normal efficiency -- which continuously "ran off the battery" seemingly (actually, off the excess energy from the negative resistor created and manipulated in the battery) for a couple of years. The motor represented a "load" continually being driven by the excess energy extracted from the vacuum by the negative resistor continually created in the battery. He recharged the battery and ran the motor directly off vacuum energy, using the precise set of negative resistor effects just discussed.

John has freely shared his work with many researchers. E.g., an excellent microwave switching engineer named Bill Nelson visited John, observed some of John's devices working, and reasoned correctly that the motor was just a load and played no part in producing the excess energy. So Nelson and another engineer used an electric light bulb as the load, adjusted the pulses and timing appropriately, and produced a little unit which kept its battery charged while continuously illuminating the light bulb. John shared his research with Jim Watson, who succeeded in developing a version that powered a much larger motor (8 kW), which he demonstrated at one of the Tesla conferences at Colorado Springs. Watson and his family were later to mysteriously drop out of all contact, so that even his own financial backer could not find him. Ron Cole visited John's lab often, and Ron and John built several successful and similar devices together.

There are several other powering schemes that can be worked out, using the negative resistor created inside the battery by splitting the current phases. E.g., with the ions moving in discharge mode and the circuit being powered, one can again introduce a sharp voltage pulse of electrons for charging, onto the circuit. This of course invokes Lenz's law, dramatically increasing the powering of the circuit and the energy upon the ions driving the circuit powering. Now the pile-up occurs even stronger, because the ions keep bearing down in charging mode with increased energy, while the electrons are forced to keep boring in much more densely to oppose them, yet on the other end the electrons are even more strongly powering the circuit momentarily because of the increased regauging energy. So the pile-up becomes even higher than before, increasing the potential of the pile-up even more due to the "charge squeeze" effect being greater. In other words, we make an even greater "negative resistor" at that pile-up. This will greatly amplify the potential out into the circuit, and also greatly increase the potential on the "powering" ions, so that the ions have more energy to give to the pile-up and to the circuit, and so do the electrons in the circuit. Again, when the "back-popping" pulse sharply cuts off on the trailing edge, one gets a Lenz law effect of further increase, etc.

There are a great variety of useful excess energy schemes which can be worked out and applied, all using the excess energy freely obtained from the vacuum by the negative resistor created and manipulated in the battery.

Once one understands John's negative resistor effect and how one gets it, how one increases it, and how one sustains it or repeats it rapidly, then one can adjust that motor (or other load) and that battery to function as a self-powering system, perfectly permissible by the laws of physics and thermodynamics. Because of the negative resistor effect and its extraction of excess energy from the vacuum, this open dissipative system can output more energy than the chemical energy that is dissipated in the battery. In fact, the chemical energy is not dissipated, but remains, when the timing and negative resistance effects are properly adjusted. Then everything just runs off the vacuum energy from the negative resistor.

The point is this. The system has two major currents greatly differing in their momentum and responses, that can be exploited to get these negative resistor effects., So why do all our theorists just continue to assume a "simple current" in and through the battery? If one ignores the duality, one will just mush around any transient negative resistor effect and the effect will not help, because one will get it wrong as much as one gets it right.

But if we know what is happening in there, and if we deliberately manipulate the phenomena as John Bedini has done for years, we can make a battery recharge itself at the same time that it is powering the external circuit, because of a negative resistor formed in the battery and properly manipulated. Actually the energy extracted from the vacuum is powering both the battery's recharging and the circuit's loads and losses.

We point out that these negative resistor effects can in fact occur in a battery that is almost completely discharged, and John has also demonstrated such specific negative resistor formation and operation in a nearly uncharged battery for a sustained period of time.

For ease in building and timing the system, John often prefers to use two batteries and switch between them. He will charge one as ostensibly an additional part of the load, but all the while adjusting his pulses in the charging process to dramatically open the process and get the injection of a lot of excess vacuum energy in there via similar phenomenology to what we described above. Meantime, the other battery is powering the circuit normally. Then he just switches, and recharges the first battery including evoking the negative resistor effects in it, while using power from the second, recharged battery. The amount of excess charging energy he tricks the vacuum into giving him while charging the battery, is "free" energy he can then use to power the system when he switches the recharged battery into system-powering position. He continues to switch, which yields a self-powering open dissipative system, freely extracting all its energy from the active vacuum. In that case, he makes the charging battery charge a lot faster by the negative resistor effects than just with the simple energy he inputs in his pulsing and in his "normal charging currents" to the battery. He "opens" that battery-charging process and subsystem the way we described, so that the vacuum furnishes more than half the charging input energy.

Now for the skeptics who love to quote the second law of classical thermodynamics. Classical thermodynamics is equilibrium thermodynamics. While the system is open and receiving excess energy from the vacuum, it is far from equilibrium and does not have to obey the old equilibrium thermodynamics with its infamous second law. Indeed, classical thermodynamics does not even apply, including the second law. Here is a magic truth: The energy of an open system not in equilibrium is always greater than the energy of the same system in equilibrium. Bye-bye second law of thermodynamics for non-equilibrium systems.

In John's systems, the thermodynamics of a system far from equilibrium with its active environment (in this case, the active vacuum) rigorously applies. As is well-known in that kind of thermodynamics, such an open disequilibrium system is permitted to:

(1) self-order,

(2) self-oscillate or self-rotate,

(3) output more energy than the operator himself inputs (the excess is just taken from the active environment, in this case the vacuum),

(4) power itself and a load also (in that case, all the energy is taken from the active environment, in this case the active vacuum), and

(5) exhibit negentropy. John's devices have exhibited all five effects for years.

In other words, the laws of physics already permit this to happen. We just have to correct the foolish old flawed notion in electrodynamics of what powers the external circuit. Batteries and generators do not use the energy input to them (generator shaft energy) or available to them (chemical energy in the battery) to power the external circuit! I fully explain that in the IC-2000 paper. The chemical energy available in a battery and the shaft energy input to a generator are dissipated only to restore the source dipole that our closed current loop power systems keep destroying by design.

No laws of nature, laws of physics, or laws of thermodynamics are violated by John's novel negative resistor approach. The conservation of energy law is obeyed at all times, as of course is recognized for open dissipative systems. As an example, Ilya Prigogine was awarded a Nobel Prize for his contributions to nonequilibrium thermodynamics of systems similar to those we are discussing.

I just wanted to set the record straight. You can make an overunity system anytime you wish, with adroit use of a lead-acid battery (or two of them) where you pay meticulous attention to the production and use of a negative resistor inside the battery itself. The science is there and it is correct. It's already in physics, but it isn't in the seriously flawed classical electrodynamics. The full basis has been in the textbooks for decades, but it has not been applied by EM power system designers. Instead, they continue to ignore the active vacuum and the creation and manipulation of negative resistors in batteries by current splitting and adroit manipulation.

How many readers have thought of using the appreciably different response times of the electron current and the ion current? How many professors have thought of it? How many textbooks mention it? What EM text points out that a scalar potential is actually a set of bidirectional longitudinal EM wave energy flows, conditioning and organizing the entire vacuum? What paper in a scientific journal contains it? One gets the point after only a moment's reflection.

Now for the scientists, advanced engineers, and strategic planners. What is needed to make all this quite rigorous is the development and usage of a dual instrumentation system., We need to develop a proper instrumentation system to measure and portray the ion current in the battery and its actions, and simultaneously to measure and portray the electron current in there at the interface. Then one can add the standard instruments to monitor the electron current, voltage, phase angles, and power in the external circuit.

Well, to get those two "internal" instrumentation systems, we need to enlist some good electrochemists, who know about measuring things like that, know about overpotentials on electrodes and plates and such, understand all the internal chemical and ion reactions including their energetics, and have worked out measurement techniques for such matters. To an electrical engineer, the problem usually appears unsolvable (many, e.g., have no knowledge of overpotential theory, or of double surfaces theory, or differentiating multiple current types in a battery, etc.).

We just need a really good straightforward and well-funded scientific project by a good scientific team, to develop the instrumentation and procedures, and then to perform enough experimentation to thoroughly explore and measure the phenomenology in all its glory. Then the leading theorists can produce a good theoretical model, including of the interaction between vacuum energy and the circuit, while the developers give us a good measurement and instrumentation system for precisely measuring such systems. Once we get the experimentally-fitted theoretical model and we have the instrumentation system, then we're off and running with ordinary applied engineering, to design and build self-powering battery-powered systems (actually as open systems adroitly extracting and using energy from the ubiquitous vacuum) on a massive scale for the world market.

Major universities and laboratories should fund such work as a matter of great scientific priority. So should the National Science Foundation and National Academy of Sciences, the Department of Energy, the private research institutes, the Environmental Foundations, etc. If they do so, then we'll all have overunity devices powering our automobiles and homes and factories straightaway. And we will also take a giant stride toward cleaning up the pollution of the biosphere.

We need, however, to stress again one shocking point above all else. Batteries and generators do not themselves power their external circuits! Please read that again, and do not miss the importance of what we are saying. All that the dissipation of the shaft energy input to a generator does, or dissipation of the chemical energy available in a battery does, is perform work upon the internal charges to separate them and form the negative resistor source dipole. Not a single joule of that dissipated generator shaft energy or that battery's dissipated chemical energy goes out onto the power line. Every electrical circuit and electrical load is now and always has been powered by energy extracted directly from the vacuum by the source dipole acting as a negative resistor due to its known broken symmetry in the fierce vacuum energy flux.

To clearly understand that startling fact, we must temporarily set aside the 136-year old flawed electrodynamics (Maxwell's seminal paper was given in 1864), and turn to particle physics, because the old electrodynamicists did not have an active vacuum in the equations, and it still isn't in there.

In the latter 1950s, particle physicists discovered and experimentally proved broken symmetry, and also that every dipole is a broken symmetry in the continuous virtual energy exchange between vacuum and dipole charges. The very definition of "broken symmetry" means that something virtual has become observable. This means that part of that fierce, virtual, disordered energy continually absorbed by the end charges of the dipole, is not re-radiated as virtual, disordered energy -- but as observable, ordered energy. In short, the ubiquitous source dipole is in fact a ubiquitous negative resistor par excellence.

The source dipole, once made, is a true negative resistor that freely extracts observable, usable field energy from the vacuum, and pours it out through the terminals of the generator or battery. The outflowing energy moves at light speed through all space surrounding the conductors of the external circuit, and generally parallel to them. It's a tiny bit convergent into the wires, because in the "sheath" or boundary layer of the flow right down on the surface of the conductors, that part of the flow strikes the surface charges and gets diverged into the wires to power up the electrons and the circuit.

Every electrical circuit and every electrical load is and always has been powered by energy extracted directly from the vacuum by the negative resistor source dipole. That statement is fully justified in particle physics, but not electrodynamics. The electrodynamicists and leaders of the scientific community have refused to change the flawed foundations and gaps in EM theory, even though a great deal has been learned since 1867 that substantially changes the foundations assumptions used originally to construct the theory.

The energy extracted by the source dipole from the vacuum sprays out of the terminals of the battery or generator, filling all space around the external conductors. A good illustration of this incredible energy flow is shown in Kraus, Electromagnetics, Fourth Edition. The magnitude of the energy flow extracted is so great as to boggle the imagination. In a simple little circuit, it's about 10exp13 times as much as is intercepted in that little "sheath flow" by the circuit and diverged into the circuit to power it. Well, the enormity of that energy flow extracted from the vacuum by the source dipole is totally mystifying and embarrassing, or it was highly embarrassing back there in the 1880s.

And therein lies one of the greatest scientific faux pas of all time.

Energy flow through space was discovered independently by Heaviside and Poynting and at about the same time. Poynting only thought of, and accounted, the feeble little component of energy flow that actually entered the circuit -- in short, the energy in that "little sheath or strip" flow right down on the surface of the conductors. He never even imagined all that nondiverged, nonintercepted energy component missing the circuit entirely and just being wasted. But Poynting published prestigiously, while Heaviside published more obscurely, and the theory of EM energy flow was named after Poynting.

Heaviside realized the entire energy flow, including the huge nondiverged component that entirely misses the circuit -- the component that Poynting missed. Heaviside also corrected Poynting on the overall flow direction (Poynting missed it by 90 degrees). Note that Maxwell was already dead at the time.

Then the great Lorentz entered the energy flow picture, and confronted a massive problem. How was one to account for the inexplicably enormous nondiverged Heaviside energy flow that was pouring forth from those terminals? And why did the circuit catch such a feeble little Poynting fraction of the overall flow? That output is far more energy than even a host of power systems contained or were thought to output. At the time there was absolutely no conceivable way to account for the enormous magnitude of the nondiverging energy flow component.

So Lorentz hit upon a stratagem. He eliminated the problem rather than solving it. He reasoned that the nondiverged Heaviside component of the energy flow was "physically insignificant" because it was not used in the circuit and did not even enter it. So he integrated the energy flow vector itself around a closed surface surrounding any little volume of interest. Voila! That little trick discarded that bothersome huge nondiverged Heaviside component of the energy flow (it's physically still there around every circuit, but the circuit does not catch it and the electrodynamicists just ignore it.). Lorentz's trick retained the Poynting component, and since that is the energy that enters the circuit and is collected by it, then it will be the energy that the circuit dissipates in its losses and loads. So it will match our instrumental measurements, since we measure dissipation. I have a 1902 reference by Lorentz where he did that little integration trick, but it is in a book so he very probably did it earlier in a scientific paper which I have yet to locate.

Anyway, following Lorentz the electrodynamicists just arbitrarily threw away far more available EM energy associated with every circuit than they retained. All the electrodynamicists fell into line, and they are still in the same line after a century, marching along to Lorentz's cadence. The neglected Heaviside energy flow is still physically there as a special negentropic organization of the vacuum surrounding every circuit, just waiting to be used. E.g., if you retroreflect the passed Heaviside energy flow component, you can send it back across the circuit's surface charges again and catch some more of it. Do it iteratively lots of times -- as in intensely scattering optically active media -- and you will have asymmetrical self-regauging and what has been called "lasing without population inversion". Or just resonate an intercepting charge -- as per Letokhov and Bohren -- and it will sweep out a greater geometrical reaction cross section and collect additional energy from the Heaviside component (18 times as much more energy as an identical but static particle collects). Letokhov has been publishing in all sorts of journals on this subject since 1957. In an article in Contemporary Physics he has freely called such excess energy collection and emission a process for a "Maxwell's demon" -- in other words, a special kind of negative resistor.

The bottom line is that true overunity systems and negative resistors have been built and demonstrated by several inventors and scientists such as Bedini, Golden, Nelson, Watson, Letokhov, Bohren, Chung, Kron, Sweet, etc. They do work, and in fact John can demonstrate one at any time. But instead of valid scientific attention and courteous scientific treatment, the scientists and inventors who have pioneered this legitimate overunity area have been hounded, persecuted, vilified, etc. Careers of legitimate scientists attempting to scientifically investigate this area have often been ruined.

What is needed is not another group of grasping "vulture capitalists" and stock scam artists seeking a fast fortune by selling stock and licenses to the gullible public. What is needed is for the organized scientific community to face its responsibility and its serious errors in electrodynamics, and (1) correct the terribly flawed classical electrodynamics as a matter of the highest scientific priority, including at the foundations level, (2) fund legitimate overunity EM power system investigators, scientists, engineers, and serious inventors before they produce the final demonstration model; just as they have funded hot fusion researchers for decades without the process ever adding a single watt to the power line, (3) set aside at least 1% of the energy research budget for high priority vacuum-energy-powered systems and phenomenology research, and (4) recognize that conventional leading institutions which are bastions of the present theory have zero experience, zero expertise and usually zero institutional tolerance for the new overunity EM systems area. They do not even have, and do not wish to develop, any legitimate theory of permissible EM power systems as open systems in disequilibrium with the active vacuum, freely using vacuum energy via the creation and manipulation of internal negative resistors.

The scientific community -- including the leading scientific journals and scientific associations -- now must honestly face its energy and biospheric responsibilities and reassess its adversarial position on overunity EM power systems. For decades the community has been a major part of the vacuum energy problem, not part of the vacuum energy solution. It already intercepts, controls, "cuts up," prepares and sends down the energy research budget packages, which all those research professors, sharp grad students, and sharp young postdocs must seek funding from, in fierce competition. The scientific community has already pre-determined what shall and what shall not be allowed as permissible EM power system research. And its woeful past record as an adversary of overunity EM power systems speaks for itself. Its years of neglecting and opposing practical electrodynamically-initiated vacuum energy extraction have resulted in the ever-increasing pollution of the planet and a threat to the life and survival of every species, including the human species itself.

It is scientifically unacceptable when the scientific community still implicitly proclaims the "source charge" as ostensibly creating all that enormous energy in its fields and potentials reaching across the universe in all directions. In short, classical EM excludes the interaction of the vacuum in its power system theory, and implies that the "source charge" freely creates all that field energy and potential energy reaching across the universe in all directions, and creates it right out of nothing. Yet this same community habitually confronts the serious open dissipative system EM researcher with the label of being a "perpetual motion machine nut". In our very worst nightmares, we could not begin to advocate such a vast array of perpetual motion machines as does the present scientific establishment, which advocates every source charge in the universe as a perpetual motion machine of the grossest kind, ignoring a resolution of the source charge problem that has been available for almost half a century in particle physics.

Many skilled scientists have tried to get electrodynamics changed and the flaws corrected -- including Nobelist Feynman and the great John Wheeler, as well as many others such as Barrett, Evans, Cornille, Lehnert, Yang, Mills, Vigier, de Broglie, etc. When Maxwell constructed his theory, the electron and atom and atomic nucleus had not been discovered. The three dozen electrodynamicists worldwide all believed in the material ether, so to them there was no place in all the world where mass was absent. A "charge" was just a piece of electric fluid, nothing more, nothing less. Maxwell wrote a material fluid flow theory, and he also left out half the energy, half the wave in space, etc. because he omitted Newtonian third law reaction. Both mechanics and electrodynamics continue to omit one of the most fundamental principles of all nature: that the effect acts back through the observation process upon the cause. This principle does appear, however, in general relativity. But in mechanics and electrodynamics, as a result of this terrible omission, Newton's third law remains an effect without a cause, mystically appearing out of nowhere and producing that half of the energy and effect that Maxwell erroneously omitted.

The purpose of this long write-up is to set the record straight on what John Bedini has been doing in his overunity battery powered devices, including some that have been self-powering.

A final word on entropy. Simply put, entropy refers to increasing energy disorder, where disorder is the effect. But the back-reaction of the effect upon the cause, omitted from mechanics and electrodynamics but present in general relativity, has not been taken into account. That principle means that each time there is a disordering of energy, there is simultaneously a reordering of an equal amount of energy. Entropy and negentropy occur as twins, simply from the occurrence of the potential as a harmonic set of bidirectional phase conjugate pairs of longitudinal EM waves. We usually apply one set of those waves (the forward time set) and ignore the second set (the time-reversed set or phase conjugate set). In every experiment where an incoming EM wave from space affects a receiving wire antenna, not only do the Drude electrons recoil, but also the positive nuclei recoil with equal energy, though highly damped because of the enormous m/q ratio of the nuclei.

Eerily, hundreds of thousands of scientists and engineers have been taught to measure the Drude electron recoil and state they are measuring the "incoming wave" disturbance. Not so. They are measuring the effect of half of the interaction; the other half of the cause omitted by Maxwell interacted with the time-reversed nuclei, and produced the Newtonian third law recoil forces. Every scientist will acknowledge the accompanying recoil of the nuclei, then will mystically invoke a demon who stands in the wire, observes the disturbance of the electrons, and kicks the nuclei equally and oppositely. A similar situation occurs in a wire transmitting antenna, where the recoiling nuclei also perturb the surrounding spacetime with equal energy as do the perturbed Drude electrons.

Equal energy perturbation of ST means equal ST curvature perturbation. So two ST perturbation waves are launched simultaneously, not one. One is a time-forward wave, and one is a time-reversed wave, paired together. Look at it this way. The vacuum is a giant potential, which means it can inherently be decomposed into Whittaker's bidirectional longitudinal EM wavepair sets. Any perturbation of the vacuum must a priori disturb those bidirectional waves, thereby producing bidirectional wavepair disturbances, not "plucked string" waves. There are no taut physical strings in the vacuum! Maxwell omitted the time-reversed half of the vacuum disturbance, because the atom, nucleus, and electron had not even been discovered at the time, and because he assumed the taut string wave a priori. The reasoning was just that a single electrical fluid under tensile stress was perturbed.

Anyway, I wanted to explain what John Bedini is doing in that lead acid battery, and why his systems really do work. He has done enormous experimentation for years. He's built many units which exhibited the overunity effect due to creating a negative resistor in the battery, and some which also exhibited the self-powering effect. With a little proper scientific funding and support, a team of scientists working with Bedini can quickly produce working overunity EM power systems, the theoretical model, and the instrumentation system. Bedini-type systems are easily and cheaply produced in conventional manufacturing plants. Development and availability of such Bedini-type negative resistor systems will start a rapid, world-wide resolution of the so-called "energy" problem. That will also start a rapid clean-up of this suffering biosphere that is now being poisoned and destroyed by hydrocarbon combustion waste products at an ever-increasing rate. It will also revolutionize the living standards of the developing nations and peoples.

In spite of the previous and present vilification of the overunity researchers by the scientific community, I have great faith in the scientific method, once it is permitted to function and be funded. But just now, our own scientific community continues to impose seriously flawed theories and approaches upon the laboratories and scientists, and actively blocks the innovative overunity EM power systems research that could save this planet and humanity. We can do better than that, and we must do better than that. Else in a few more decades none of the rest of the scientific works will matter anyway, as the nature we are now destroying turns upon this upstart humanity and destroys us all.

Thanks, Jerry, for bearing with this very long write-up and explanation of Bedini's method. It is of great importance -- to the experimenters, the inventors, the scientists, our nation, and every human being on this planet.

Very best wishes,

Tom Bearden


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